^ 

^f^"^- 


V      Tvte 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


.**% 


%^ 


« 


ltt|2j;    |25 
itt  Itt   ■2.2 


■MU 

iJJ. 

U    116 


6" 


^'  *>. 


oOBDOBS 

CorpQiBticHi 


as  VVWT  MAM  STRSn 

wnSlfii,N.Y.  I4SM 

(71«)Sn-4S03 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadinn  Imtitut*  for  Historical  IMicroroproductions  /  inttitut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  liistoriquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notat/Notat  tachnlquaa  at  bibHographiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  *vhich  may  ba  bibliographically  unlqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproductlon,  or  which  may  aignif  Icantly  changa 
tha  uaua]  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chacicad  balow. 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagia 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurAa  at/ou  pailiculAa 


□  Covar  titia  miaaing/ 
La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

□  Colourad  mapa/ 
Cartaa  giographlquaa  an  ci 


coulaur 


giographlqu« 

Ml  Inic  (l.a.  oti 
Encra  da  coulaur  (l.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  Inic  (l.a.  othar  thao  biua  or  black)/ 


I     I   Colourad  plataa  and/or  iiluatrationi/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  Hluatratlona  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RalM  avac  d'autraa  documanta 


Tight  birdlng  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortlon 
along  intarlor  margin/ 

Larc  liura  aarrte  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatortlon  la  long  da  la  marga  IntMaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoratlon  may 
appaar  witMn  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibia,  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  aa  paur:  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutAaa 
iora  iS'una  raatauratlon  apparalaaant  dana  la  taxta, 
mala,  ioraqua  cala  4talt  poaaibia,  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  Ati  film4aa. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairaa  auppMmantairaa: 


L'Inatltut  a  miorofllmA  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu1i  lui  a  4tA  poaaibia  da  ae  procurer.  Laa  d4talla 
da  oat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-4tra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  Mbllographlqua,  qu:  pauvant  modifier 
una  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  hi  mAthoda  norrhala  de  filmage 
aont  indlqute  d-daaaoua. 


D 


Cotourad  pagea/ 
f*agea  da  coulaur 


□   Pagea  damaged/ 
Pagea 


Pagea  andommagiaa 

Pagea  raatorad  and/or  laminated/ 
Pagea  reatauriea  at/ou  peiiiculAea 

Pagae  dlacoiourad,  atalned  or  foxed/ 
Pagea  dAcoioriaa,  tachatiea  ou  piquAea 

Pagae  detached/ 
Pagea  d4tach4ea 


Th 
to 


Th 
pe 
of 
fill 


Oi 
b« 
th 
•k 
o« 
fir 

8i( 

or 


□   Pagae  detached/ 
.  Pagea  d4tach«ea 

0   8howthrough/ 
Tranaparence 

□   Quality  of  print  varlea/ 
Quaiit*  Inligela  de  I'impreaalon 

□  Inchidae  aupplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matAriel  auppl4mantaire 

□   Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  MMon  dispoHble 

□  Pagae  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
allpa,  tiaauee,  etc..  have  been  refllmed  to 
enaure  the  beat  poeaible  image/ 
Lea  pagea  totahMnent  ou  partiellement 
obacurdae  par  un  feulHet  d'errata,  una  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  4t4  ftlmAea  A  nouvaeu  de  fa^on  k 
obtenir  le  melNeure  Image  poaaibia. 


Til 
•h 
Til 

wl 

Ml 
dH 
en 
be 
rig 
re< 
m< 


Thia  item  la  flkned  et  ^e  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  fHniA  au  taux  de  rMuction  bidiquA  d-deaaoua. 


10X 

14X 

itx 

22X 

2SK 

aox 

X 

12X 

1CX 

aDX 

24X 

2IX 

32X 

1^ 


TIm  copy  fUnrad  Mr*  hM  b««n  rfproduoad  thanks 
to  tho  oMMmMlty  of: 

Library  of  tho  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
OAnAroalt*  da: 

La  bibiiothiqua  daa  Archives 
publiquas  du  Canada 


Tho  imagaa  appoaring  haro  aro  tha  bast  quality 
poasibia  conaidarino  tha  con'4ltion  and  legibility 
of  tiM  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  apaeif leationa. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covera  are  fllmed 
beginning  with  the  front  oover  and  ending  on 
tiM  laat  page  with  e  printed  or  illuatrated  impras- 
ston,  or  ttie  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
ottier  original  copiea  are  fllmed  betf  nning  on  the 
flrst  page  wKh  a  printed  or  llluetrated  Imprea- 
sion,  and  ending  on  the  leat  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  Impreaalon. 


Lea  imagaa  suKrantas  ont  it*  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  do  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettet*  da  I'examplaire  Aim*,  et  en 
conformM  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
flimage. 

Las  aKomplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvertura  en 
papier  eet  ImprimAe  sent  fiimte  en  commen9ant 
par  la  premier  plot  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  ampreinte 
d'impreealon  ou  d'illustration,  soit  per  le  second 
plat,  aalon  le  caa.  Tous  las  autres  exempiaires 
originaux  aont  flimis  en  commen9ent  per  la 
pramlAre  pege  qui  comporte. une  empreinte 
d'impreeeion  ou  d'illustration  tvt  en  terminant  par 
la  darnMre  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microflcha 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whicliever  eppiies. 


Un  des  eymboles  suivents  apparattra  sur  la 
damlAre  imege  do  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
eas:  le  aymbola  — ^  signlfie  "A  8UIVRE",  la 
symbole  V  sionlfie  "FIN". 


Maps,  piatea,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  erpoeure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  end  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  Tlie  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  certes,  pisnches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimAs  A  des  taux  da  rAduction  diff Arenis. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
raproduit  en  un  soul  clicliA,  11  est  flimA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  geuche,  do  gauche  A  droitet, 
et  do  haut  en  bea,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imegea  nAcesseire.  Les  diagrammes  suivents 
illustrent  le  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^lillil 


mmm'mmmmimm'mmm 


A 


mmm 


PE08PECTS 


OV  THE 


ATLAITIC    TELEGRAPH. 


A.    PAPER 


READ  BEFORK  THK 


AMERICAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  STATISTICAL  SOCIETY, 


AT  CLINTON  HALL.  NEW  YORK,  MAY  1,  1862, 


BT 


CYRUS     W.     FIELD 


•"^^^^^^mmmm' 


PROSPECTS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  TELEGRAPH. 


-¥*-*-*- 


When  1  was  asked  by  Mr.  Archibald  Russell,  a  day  or  two  since,  to 
make  some  remarks  before  the  GEOGRAi^HiCAL  Society  to-night  on.  the 
Atlantic  Telegraph,  I  understood  that  all  you  wished  was  a  brief  state- 
ment in  regard  to  the  present  position  and  prospects  of  that  enterprise. 
I  am  happy  to  give  any  information,  but  the  members  of  course  will  not 
expect  a  formal  address.  I  can  only  state,  in  the  briefe^st  manner,  a  few 
facts  which  will  show  the  progress  made  in  Submarine  Telegraphy,  and 
why  we  are  confident  that  another  attempt  to  lay  a  cable  across  the 
Atlantic,  with  all  the  advantages  of  our  past  experience,  could  hardly 
fail  of  success. 


As  to  the  importance  cf  such  a  communication  between  the  Old 
World  and  the  New,  it  is  necessary  to  say  but  few  words.  Its  value 
can  hardly  be  estimated  to  the  commerce,  and  even  to  the  peace,  of  the 
world.  What  would  it  have  been  worth  to  England  and  the  United 
States  if  it  had  been  in  operation  on  the  30th  of  November  last,  on  which 
day  Earl  Russell  was  writing  to  Lord  Lyons,  and  Mr.  Seward  at  the 
same  time  to  Mr.  Adams,  our  Minister  in  London,  on  the  affair  of  the 
Trent,  which  at  that  moment  threatened  to  embroil  the  two  nations  in 
war  !  A  few  short  messages,  explaining  the  actual  state  of  affairs,  would 
have  allayed  at  once  all  fear  of  war ;  would  have  saved  all  the  bad  blood 
which  has  been  stirred  up  between  two  nations  that  are  one  in  race,  in 
language,  and  in  religion,  and  that  ought  to  be  one  in  perpetual  friend- 
ship ;  and  would  have  prevented  those  immense  armaments  which  at  once 
set  in  motion  the  armies  and  fleets  of  England,  and  which  have  cost  so 
heavily  to  the  treasury  of  Great  Britain.  The  London  Times  said  truly  : 
"  We  nearly  went  to  war  with  America  because  we  had  not  a  telegraph 


'•i     i 


across  the  Atlantic."    It  is  at  such  a  moment  that  England  feels  the 
need  of  communicating  with  her  colonies  on  this  side  of  the  ocean. 

And  here  I  may  mention  a  fact  not  generally  known — that,  during  the 
excitement  of  the  Trent  affair,  a  person  connected  with  the  English  Gov- 
ernment applied  to  Messrs.  Glass,  Elliot  6i  Co.,  of  London,  to  know  for 
what  sum  they  would  manufacture  a  cable  and  lay  it  across  the  Atlan- 
tic ;  to  which  they  replied  that  they  would  both  manufacture  and  lay  it 
down  for  £675,000,  and  that  it  should  be  in  full  operation  by  the  12th  day 
of  July  of  this  year.  Wei!  might  England  afford  to  pay  the  whole  cost  of 
such  a  work  ;  for  in  sixty  days'  time  she  expended  more  money  in  prepa- 
ration for  war  with  this  country  than  the  M'hole  cost  of  manufacturing 
and  laying  several  good  cables  between  Newfoundland  and  Ireland. 

I  hold  in  my  hand  a  letter  from  the  War  Office  in  London,  stating 
that  a  message  sent  from  there  on  the  Slst  of  August,  1858,  was  deliv- 
ered the  same  day  at  Halifax,  which  message  prevented  the  embarkation 
of  troops  for  India ;  and  I  have  been  informed  that  it  saved  the  English 
Goveinment  over  $200,000. 

The  benefits  of  an  Atlantic  cable  to  England,  by  enabling  the  Govern- 
ment to  be  in  daily  communication  with  its  Embassador  at  Washington, 
and  all  the  British  Consuls  in  this  country,  and  the  Governors  of  the  five 
North  American  Provinces,  and  its  naval  and  military  forces  in  America, 
can  hardly  be  estimated. 

But  great  as  are  these  advantages  to  England,  still  they  are  small 
compared  with  those  to  be  obtained  by  our  own  country,  by  bringing  us 
into  telegraphic  communication,  not  merely  with  England,  but  with  the 
whole  Continent  of  Europe,  and  portions  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

The  advantages  of  an  Atlantic  cable  to  commerce  are  equally  great 
with  those  to  Government.  The  shipment  of  gold,  which  is  constantly 
taking  place,  would  be  nmch  diminished ;  the  rapid  fluctuations  in  ex- 
change would  be  prevented ;  and  the  enormous  depreciation  of  public 
securities  would  be  much  abated.  Those  speculative  transactions  in  cot- 
ton and  produce,  which  have  often  brought  about  financial  crises  in 
England  and  the  United  States,  would  be  rendered  almost  impossible  ; 
and  the  gain  to  owners  of  shipping,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  would 
be  incalculable,  from  being  able  to  communicate  constantly  with  their 
captains  and  agents  in  all  the  ports  of  Europe  and  America. 

Consider  also  the  importance  of  such  a  line  to  the  general  intercourse 
of  the  world.  A  cable  across  the  Atlantic  would  supply  the  connecting 
link  between  the  great  systems  of  telegraphic  communication  in  the  two 
Hemispheres,  one  of  which  already  overspreads  the  whole  of  North 


America,  and  the  other  covers  tho  Continent  of  Europe,  and  extends  far 
into  Asia,  and  along  tho  coast  of  Africa. 

At  this  moment  you  can  telegraph  from  St.  Johns,  Newfoundland,  to 
every  town  of  importance  in  the  British  Provinces,  to  all  tho  cities  and 
large  towns  in  the  loyal  States,  even  to  San  Francisco,  on  the  Pacific, 
a  distance,  by  the  route  of  the  telegraph,  of  over  five  thousand  and  five 
hundred  miles. 

On  the  other  side  of  the  ocean,  there  is  now  telegraphic  communica- 
tion, from  Valentia,  in  Ireland,  with  every  capital  in  Europe ;  with  Al- 
giers, in  Africa,  about  2,650  miles  by  the  route  of  the  telegraph ;  with 
Malta,  2,850  miles ;  Constantinople,  3,100  miles ;  Odessa,  on  tho  Black 
Sea,  4,300  miles ;  Taganrog,  on  the  Sea  of  Azof,  4,500 ;  the  Island  of 
Jubal,  in  tho  Red  Sea,  4,650 ;  to  Bagdad,  in  Turkish  Arabia,  4,800 ;  and 
to  Omsk,  in  Siberia,  5,300  miles. 

All  that  is  now  required  to  connect  California  with  Siberia,  a  distance 
nearly  two-thirds  around  tho  globe,  is  a  telegraph  cable  from  Valentia, 
Ireland,  to  Newfoundland,  a  distance  of  only  1640  nautical  miles! 


But,  gentlemen,  I  am  well  aware  that  this  is  not  the  great  question 
now  in  your  minds.  Every  Intelligent  man  sees  at  once  the  immense 
importance  of  such  a  communication  between  Europe  and  America,  if — 
if  it  can  be  achieved.  But  there  is  the  problem  to  be  solved.  "  Have 
you  not  tried  three  times  and  failed?  Did  not  the  English  try  in  the 
Red  Sea  and  fail  there  %  And  in  fact  have  not  almost  all  the  submarine 
cables  in  the  world  proved  expensive  and  disastrous  fjiilurcs?"  These 
are  very  natural  questions,  and  I  will  try  to  answer  them. 

At  the  start,  of  course,  we  were  all  very  ignorant  of  the  work  to  be 
done.  Submarine  Telegraphy  was  in  its  infancy.  We  had  to  grope  our 
way  in  the  dark.  It  was  only  by  repeated  experiments  and  repeated 
failures  that  we  were  able  to  find  out  all  tho  conditions  of  success. 

The  Atlantic  Telegraph,  it  was  said,  was  a  failure.  Well,  if  it  were  so, 
I  should  say,  as  is  said  of  many  a  nxan,  that  he  did  more  by  his  death 
than  by  his  life ;  that  even  in  its  failure  it  has  been  of  immense  benefit 
to  the  science  of  the  world.  For  it  has  been  the  great  experimenting 
cable.  No  electrician  ever  had  so  long  a  line  to  work  upon  before,  and 
hence  the  science  of  Submarine  Telegraphy  never  made  such  rapid  pro- 
gress as  after  that  great  experiment.  In  fact,  all  cables  that  have  since 
been  laid,  where  the  managers  availed  themselves  of  the  knowledge 
and  experience  obtained  by  the  Atlantic  Company,  have  been  perfectly 
successful.  All  these  triumphs  over  the  sea  ax'e  greatly  indebted  to  the 
bold  attempt  to  cross  the  Atlantic  made  four  years  ago. 


(} 


n 


Tho  firat  Atlantic  civMo,  tlieivforc,  hus  ivecompliMlu'id  ii  great  work  in 
doop  Hou  telegraphy,  H  branch  ot'  knowledge  but  little  known  before,  in 
one  sense  it  was  a  failure.  In  another  it  was  a  brilliant  success.  Des- 
pite every  disadvantage,  it  was  laid  across  the  ocean ;  it  was  stretched 
from  shore  to  shore  ;  and  for  three  weeks  it  continued  to  operate — a  time 
long  enough  to  settle  forever  the  scientific  question  wluither  it  was  pos- 
sible to  cojuniiuiicate  ])etween  two  continents  so  far  apart.  This  was  tho 
work  of  the  Hrst  Atlantic  Telegraph ;  and  now  if  it  lies  silent  at  the 
bottom  of  the  ocean  till  the  destruction  of  the  globe,  it  has  done  enough 
for  tho  science  of  the  world  and  the  benefit  of  numkind,  to  entitle  it  to 
be  held  in  honored  and  blessed  memory. 

Now,  as  to  tho  jtrospects  of  success  in  another  attempt  to  lay  a  tele- 
graph across  tho  ocean.  First,  I  would  observe  In  regard  to  submarine 
telegraphs  in  general,  that  tho  most  erroneous  opinions  prevail  as  to  tho 
diftieult'cs  of  laying  them  and  securing  them  against  injury.  It  is  cont- 
monly  supposed  that  the  number  of  failures  in  much  greater  than  of 
successes;  whereas  the  fact  is  that  tho  later  attempts,  where  made 
with  proper  care,  have  been  almost  uniformly  successful.  In  proof  of 
this  I  would  present  the  following  remarkable  statement : 

Hero  is  a  printed  "  List  of  all  the  Submarine  Telegraph  Cables 
manufactured  anJ  laid  down  by  Messrs.  Glass,  Elliot  &  Co.,  of  London," 
— which  I  should  bo  happy  to  give  to  any  member  of  tho  Society  to  ex- 
amine in  detail, — from  which  it  appears,  that  within  tho  space  of  eight 
years,  from  1854  to  1862,  they  have  manufactured  and  laid  down  twon- 
ty-five  diflTcrent  cables,  among  which  are  included  three  of  the  longest 
lines  which  connect  England  with  tho  continent, — viz.,  from  England  to 
Holland,  140  miles;  to  Hanover,  280  milos;  and  to  Denmark,  308 
miles ;  and  the  principal  lines  in  the  Mediterranean, — as  from  Italy  to 
Corsica,  and  from  Coi-sica  to  Toulon,  from  Malta  to  Sicily,  and  from 
Corfu  to  Otranto ;  and  finally  the  two  chief  of  all,  that  from  France  to 
Algiers,  520  miles,  laid  in  1800,  and  the  other  laid  only  last  year,  from 
Malta  to  Alexandria,  1535  miles!  All  together  those  lines  comprise  a 
total  of  3739  ir.iles,  and  of  this  whole  distance  every  cable  (though  some 
have  been  lying  at  tho  bottom  of  tho  sea  and  working  for  eight  years)  ' ; ' 
at  this  hour  in  as  perfect  condition  as  the  day  it  was  laid  down,  with  the 
very  small  exception  of  the  two  short  lines  laid  in  shallow  water  along 
the  shore  between  Liverpool  and  Holyhead,  twenty-five  miles,  and  from 
Prince  Edward's  Island  to  New  Brunswick,  eleven  miles ;  the  first  of 
which  was  broken  by  the  anchor  of  the  Royal  Charter  in  the  gale  of 
wind  just  before  she  was  wrecked,  and  the  other  by  a  ship's  anchor,  both 
of  which  can  be  easily  repaired. 


"'n 


From  this  «t/itcniont  it  will  ho  soon  that  all  tho  siihmarino  tclegrftph 
cftblos  mftnufuotiirtMl  mitl  laid  by  Messrs.  (ilass,  Elliot  <Si  Co.,  are  at  this 
moment  in  per/eel  and  sticcesn/nl  working  order,  except  thirty-six  miios, 
which  is  less  than  one  per  rent. 

Where  failures  have  taken  place  in  submarine  telegraphs,  tho  causes 
are  now  well  understood  and  easily  to  be  (»bviated.  Thus  with  tho  first 
Atlantic  Cable,  its  defects  have  all  l)oen  carefully  investigated  by  scien- 
tific men,  and  may  bo  easily  guarded  against.  To  show  with  what  ad- 
vantages wo  could  now  undertake  such  a  work,  I  will  briefly  contrast 
tho  conditions  under  which  tho  first  experiment  achieved  its  temporary 
triumph  with  tho  present  advanced  state  of  things  in  respect  to  sub- 
marine telegraphs. 

The  first  cable  was,  to  a  great  extent,  a  leap  in  tho  dark.  Its  mate- 
rial and  construction  were  as  good  as  the  state  of  knowledge  at  that  time 
provided,  and,  in  many  respects,  it  was  not  unsuitable ;  but  there  did 
not  exist  at  that  time  tho  instruments  or  appliances  for  testing  its  integ- 
rity and  insulation,  in  tho  way  since  pointid  out  by  experience.  Tho 
effects  of  temperature  on  insulation  were  not  known  or  allowed  for. 
Tho  vast  differences  in  the  conductibility  of  copper  were  only  discovered 
by  means  of  that  cable,  when  made.  Tho  mathematical  law  whereby 
the  proportions  of  insulation  to  conduction  are  determined,  had  not  been 
fully  investigated  ;  and  it  was  even  argued,  by  some  electricians,  that 
the  smaller  the  conductor,  the  more  rapidly  the  current  could  pass 
through  it.  No  mode  of  protecting  the  external  sheath  from  oxydation 
had  then  been  discovered,  and  the  kind  of  machinery  necessary  for  sub- 
merging cables  in  deep  water  could  only  be  theoretically  assumed.    ■ 

Looking  back  to  that  period,  and  <Tranting  that  there  was  too  much 
haste  in  the  preparations,  and  that  other  mistakes  were  committed 
which  could  now  be  foreseen  and  avoided,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that, 
if  that  cable  could  be  laid  and  worked,  as  it  was  done,  after  one  failure  in 
1857,  and  the  consequent  uncoiling  and  storage  of  it  in  an  exposed 
situation,  and  after  three  attempts  in  1858,  under  the  most  fearful  cir- 
cumstances as  to  weather,  it  would  be  an  easy  task  to  lay  a  cable  con- 
structed and  submerged  by  the  light  of  present  experience. 

But,  perhaps,  the  most  satisfactory  answer  to  all  doubts  as  to  the 
feasibility  of  the  undertaking  is  that  given  by  practical  business  men, 
who  have  had  great  experience,  and  who  are  themselves  ready  to  under- 
take the  work.  The  .nost  distinguished  manufacturers  of  submarine 
telegraphs  in  the  world  are  Messrs.  Glass,  Elliot  &  Co.,  London.  They 
have  made  and  laid  down  cables  for  the  English  and  French  Govern- 
ments and  for  private  companies,  and  with  extraordinary  sjiccess,  as  you 


T 


l\ 


8 

• 

have  soon  by  the  stntcmont  which  I  have  rend.  Soon  after  goinj?  to  En- 
gland I  luldroHHcd  thcin,aNking  on  what  conditionH  thoy  would  bo  willing 
to  undertake  to  lay  a  cable  across  the  Atlantic.  The  following  ia  their 
reply : 

10  Cannon  Strbkt,  London,  Fi:b,  11th,  18(J2. 

To  Cyrus  W.  Fiki,i»,  EBq..  of  Now  York, 

At  Ft'iiton's  Hotel,  St.  .Taiiioh  Htroot. 

Sir : — In  reply  to  your  inqiiiricg  wo  beg  to  state — 

Tlint  wu  should  not  bo  willing  to  mnnufacturo  and  lay  a  Subniarino  Telegraph 
Cable  acruMS  the  Atlantic  from  Ireland  to  Newfoundland,  assuming  tho  entire  rink,  as 
we  consider  tlrnt  would  bo  too  great  a  responsibility  for  any  singlu  firm  to  undertake ; 
but  ivc  are  »o  conjident  that  thene  poinln  can  be  connected  btf  a  <joo<l  and  durable  cable, 
that  vc  are  xeilling  to  contract  to  do  the  work,  and  stake  a  large  mm  upon  it»  Miieceititful 
laying  ami  \eorking- 

We  shall  bo  prepared  in  «.  few  days,  as  soon  as  wo  can  get  the  necessary  infornm- 
tiun  in  regard  to  whut  prico  wo  can  charter  suitable  ships  for  tho  serrice,  to  make 
you  a  definite  offer. 

Annexed  we  beg  to  hand  you  for  your  guidance  a  list  of  all  the  Submarine  Tele- 
graph Cables  manufactured  and  laid  by  our  firm  since  wo  commenced  this  branch  of 
our  business,  tho  whole  mileage  of  which,  with  tho  two  trivial  exceptions  note<l,  are 
at  this  time  in  perfect  ond  successful  working  order.  Tho  cable  that  we  had  tho 
honor  to  contract  for  and  Iny  foi  tho  French  Qovernment,  connecting  France  with 
Algeria,  is  submerged  in  water  of  nearly  equal  depths  to  any  we  should  linvo  to  on- 
counter  between  Newfoundland  and  Ireland. 

You  will  permit  us  to  suggest  that  the  shore  ends  of  tho  Atlantic  should  be  com- 
posed of  very  heavy  wires,  as,  from  our  experience,  the  only  accidents  that  have 
arisen  to  any  of  the  cables  that  wo  have  laid  have  been  caused  by  ships'  anchors,  and 
none  of  those  laid  out  of  anchorage  ground  have  ever  cost  one  shilling  for  repairs. 

The  cable  that  we  should  suggest  for  tho  Atlantic  will  bo  an  improvement  on  all 
those  yet  manufactured,  and,  we  firmly  believe,  will  bo  imperishable  when  once  laid. 

We  remain.  Sir,  , 

-        Yours,  faithfully, 

GLASS,  ELLIOT  &.  CO. 

A  few  weeks  after,  Messrs.  Glass,  Elliot  &  Co.  wrote  Mr.  Saward, 
the  Secretary  of  tho  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company,  offering  to  manufac- 
ture and  lay  down  the  best  possible  cable  from  Ireland  to  Newfoundland, 
receiving  only  the  bare  cost  of  material  and  labor,  without  one  penny 
for  their  own  time,  or  services,  or  capital,  or  interest,  unless  perfectly 
successful;  and  if  it  were,  they  should  receive  their  payment  in  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  the  shares  of  the  Company,  to  be  delivered  at  the  end 
of  each  month  dui  ig  o^e  year  that  it  continued  in  successful  operation ; 
but  that  if,  within  that  time,  it  stopped  working,  payments  were  instantly 
to  cease. 


% 


I 


i 


» 


I  have  now  hero  u  specimen  of  the  cable  which  it  m  piupoMed  to  me 
for  the  new  line,  and  also  of  that  which  was  laid  in  1858,  [»y  which  you 
may  see  the  difference  of  the  two,  and  the  immense  superiority  of  the 
former  (1  VIM- the  latter. 


Cable  laid  In  1S68. 


Propoieil  Cable  titr  the   Atlantic. 


In  the  old  Atlantic  eai)lo,  the  copper  conducting  wire  weighed  but 
93  lbs.  to  the  mile;  in  the  new  cable,  it  weighs  .'ilO  lbs.  to  the  mile,  or 
more  than  Jive  times  as  much. 

In  the  old  cable,  the  copper  wire  was  covered  l)ut  tlinu'  times  with 
gutta  percha;  in  the  new,  it  is  covered  four  times  with  tlie  purest  gutta 
penjha,  and  four  times  with  Chatterton's  patent  compound,  by  which  the 
cable  is  rendered  absolutely  impenetrable  to  watPi:  The  old  one  was 
covered  witli  eighteen  strands  of  small  iron  win-,  which,  as  they  had  no 
other  covering,  were  directly  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  water;  the 
new  is  covered  with  thirteen  strands,  each  (stniiid  consisting  of  three 
wires  of  the  best  quality,  and  each  of  these  stran«]s  covered  with  gutta 
percha,  to  render  it  indestructible  in  salt  water.  By  this  new  construc- 
tion, it  has  double  the  strength  of  the  old  cable,  at  the  same  time  that  it 
is  lighter  in  water — a  very  important  matter  in  laying  it  across  the  ocean. 

The  risk  of  loss  in  laying  the  new  cable  would  be  very  much  dimin- 
ished by  the  fact  that  it  would  be  of  such  strength  that,  even  if  brolten, 
it  could  be  recovered,  as  has  been  done  in  the  Mediterranean  ;  and,  be- 
sides, the  principal  and  most  expensive  materials,  copper  and  gutta  per- 
cha, being  indestructible,  would  have  at  all  times  a  value  in  the  market 

As  to  the  profits  of  such  an  enterprise,  considered  as  a  commercial 
undertaking,  it  is  sufficient  to  stare  one  fact,  that  there  are  in  Europe  and 
America  already  existing  over  ^  50,000  miles  of  telegraph  lines,  all  of 
which  would  be  feeders  to  a  cable  across  the  ocean. 


It  may  be  expected  that  I  should  make  some  reference  to  other  pro- 
posed telegraph  lines  to  Europe.  Of  these  there  are  two,  one  by  Behr- 
ing's  Straits,  the  other  by  a  succession  of  submarine  cables  from  Scotland, 
via  the  Faroe  Islands,  Iceland,  and  Greenland,  to  Labrador. 

Here  let  me  say,  in  passing,  that  there  need  be  no  rivalry  between 


IQ 


m 


!  i 


n 


^tl! 


these  lines  and  that  directly  across  the  Atlantic,  and  I  heartily  wish  thcni 
both  success;,  tor  I  believe  that  if  all  three  M'cre  established  and  work- 
ing to-day,  there  Mould  be  more  business  than  all  three  could  perform. 
At  tue  same  time,  speaking  in  all  frankness  and  candor,  I  must  say  that, 
from  all  the  information  that  I  can  obtain,  it  would  be  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult, if  not  impossible,  to  construct  these  linos,  or  to  keep  them  in 
working  order  if  established. 

Aj  to  the  route  by  Behring's  Strai'i,  two  or  three  facts  will  b^  suffi- 
cient. First,  the  distance  from  London  to  New  York,  by  a  route  which 
crosses  three  broad  continents,  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  is  about 
18,000  miles,  or  more  than  nine  times  as  great  as  that  from  Ireland  to 
Newfoundland.  Of  course,  the  mere  cost  of  constructing  a  continuous 
telegraph  one  hidf  of  the  distance  around  tho  globe,  and  of  main- 
taining the  hundreds  of  stations  that  would  be  necessary  over  such  a 
length  of  land  lines,  would  be  enormous.  But  even  that  is  not  the  chief 
difficulty.  A  line  which  should  traverse  the  whole  breadth  of  Siberia, 
would  encounter  well  nigh  insuperable  obstacles  in  the  country  itself,  as 
it  would  have  to  pass  over  mountains  and  across  deserts ;  while,  as  it 
turned  north  to  Kamsckatka,  it  would  come  into  a  region  of  frightful 
cold,  where  winter  reigns  over  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  Of  this 
whol'"  untry  a  large  part  is  not  only  utterly  uncivilized,  but  uninhabit- 
ed, and  portions  v/hich  are  occupied  are  held  by  savage  and  warlike 
tribes. 

Of  the  Greenland  route.  Dr.  Hayes,  the  well-known  Arctic  traveler, 
says: 

"  I  do  not  consider  It  practicable  to  carry  into  successful  operntion  any  telogrnph 
line  touching  Greenland  at  any  point ;  and  I  hope  that,  neither  yourself  nor  any  one 
else  entertains  the  idea  of  attempting  such  a  route.  It  must  be  obvious  that  the  ice 
which  hugs  the  Greenland  coast  will  prevent  a  cable,  if  laid,  from  remi»:aing  in  con- 
tinuity for  any  length  of  time." 

Dr.  Wallich,  naturalist  attached  to  Sir  Leopold  McClintock's  Expe- 
dition to  survey  the  northern  route,  considers  it  impracticable  on 
account  of  the  volcanic  nature  of  the  bottom  of  the  sea  near  Iceland, 
and  the  ridges  of  rock,  and  the  immense  icebergs,  near  Grp^inland. 

The  main  argument  in  favor  of  this  route,  in  preference  to  the  more 
direct  one  across  the  Atlantic  is,  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  work  in 
one  continuous  circuit  a  line  so  lorg  as  that  from  Newfoundland  to  Ire- 
land. This  would  seem  to  be  answered  sufficiently  by  the  success  of  the 
old  Atlantic  Cable.  But  it  is  alleged  that  it  worked  slowly  and  with 
difficulty,  and  hence  it  is  thought  that  the  distance  would  bo  at  least  a 
very  great  obstacle. 


11 


vish  them 
,nd  work- 
perform. 
say  that, 
ugly  diffi- 
them  in 

[  b^  sufti- 
ite  which 

is  about 
reland  to 
^ntinuous 
of  main- 
^r  such  a 

the  chief 
f  Siberia, 

itself,  as 

lile,  as  it 

'  frightful 

Of  this 

ininhabit- 

warlike 


tclogrnph 
jr  any  one 
bat  t!ie  ice 


's  Expo- 
pable  on 

Iceland, 
nd. 
he  more 

M'ork  in 
d  to  Ire- 
ss  of  the 
lud  with 
;  least  a 


A  writer  in  the  London  Observer,  interested  in  the  northern  route, 

recently  stated  that  it  had  been  found  impracticable  to  work  in  a  single 

^'i      direct  line  from  Malta  to  Alexandria.    To  this,  however,  Messrs.  Glass, 

Elliot  «Sc  Co.,  the  manufacturers  of  that  cable,  say  explicitly,  in  a  letter 

to  Mr.  Saward, — 

"  Wo  did  not  recommend  tliat  the  Malta  and  Alexandria  cable  should  be  laid  in 
three  sectiona ;  on  the  contrary,  toe  should  have  much  preferred  to  work  it  as  a  sinrfU 
continuous  line ;  it  wa8  laid  in  sections  in  obedience  to  tlie  directions  given  ua  by 
Iler  Majesty's  Government.  Ifc  was  thoiiglit  that  a  largo  commercial  business  would 
arise  at  Tripoli  and  Benghazi — wltich  ai>pear8,  as  regards  Tripoli,  likely  to  prove  the 
case ;  besides  which,  an  easy  communication  might,  it  was  thought,  be  established 
from  Tripoli  to  Algeria,  if  found  desirable  hereafter.  The  length  of  the  entire  line, 
as  laid  between  Malta  and  Alexandra,  is  1,636  miles. 

"  The  whole  of  this  line  can  be  worked  through  without  relay  or  repetition  in  an  effi- 
cient and  satisfactory  manner,  both  as  regards  its  s^ientihc  and  commercial  results, 
and  witli  remarkably  low  battery  power." 

The  Gutta  Percha  Company,  which  made  the  core,  also  says  : 

"  Wo  believe  the  fact  of  the  Malta  and  Alexandria  cable  being  divided  into  three 
sections  was  more  for  convenience  than  from  any  doubt  as  to  its  being  capable  of 
working  well  throughout  its  entire  length. 

"  We  can  further  state,  without  hesitation,  that  a  suitably  made  a^id  insulated 
telegraph  conductor,  laid  intact  between  Ireland  and  Newfoundland,  can  he  worked 
efficiently,  both  in  a  commercial  and  a  scientific  sense ;  and  we  may  add  that  we  should 
be  prepared  to  guarantee  the  efficient  and  satisfactory  wo)'king  of  o,  length  of  2,100 
miles  of  insulated  telegraph  wire  as  manufactured  by  oursehc,  and  submerged  and 
maintained  in  that  state." 

It  can  be  shown  by  the  testimony  and  experience  of  those  most  emi- 
nent in  the  science  and  practice  of  Electric  and  Oceanic  Telegraphy,  that 
neither  length  of  distance  (within  the  limits  with  which  the  Atlantic 
Company  has  to  deal)  nor  the  depth  of  water  are  any  insuperable 
impediments  to  efficient  communication  by  such  improved  conductors  of 
e'  ctricity  as  are  now  proposed  to  be  Laid  down.  All  of  those  who  are 
best  able  to  form  a  sound  and  practical  opinion  (including  Professor 
William  Thomson,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  of  Glasgow,  and  Mr.  Varley,  the  Elec- 
trician of  the  Electric  and  International  Telegraph  Company  of  London, 
both  of  whom  have  been  long  engaged  in  practical  and  experimental 
researches  on  this  particular  point)  are  willing  to  pledge  their  judgment 
that  on  such  a  length  of  line  as  that  between  Ireland  and  Newfoundland, 
and  with  such  a  cable  and  such  improved  instruments  as  are  now  at  com- 
mand, not  less  than  twelve  words  a  minute  can  be  transmitted  from 
shore  to  shore,  and  that  this  may  be  done  with  greyly  diminished  bat- 
tery power  as  compared  with  what  was  formerly  used. 


12 


Such  are  the  main  facts  in  regard  to  the  present  condition  and  pros- 
pects of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph.  May  I  not  ask,  then,  if  an  enterprise 
so  immensely  important  to  the  commerce,  the  civilization,  and  even  the 
peace  of  the  world,  and  which  has  now  such  fair  prospects  of  success,  is 
not  worth  another  grand  experiment,  with  every  possible  means  to  in- 
sure its  triumph  ?  The  work  is  too  great  to  be  undertaken  by  individ- 
uals alone,  without  public  aid.  But  can  any  project  be  named  more 
worthy  of  the  support  of  two  enlightened  governments,  like  those  of  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain,  than  one  which  would  unite  them  to- 
gether by  a  bond  of  iron — which  would  tend  at  all  times  to  keep  them 
in  good  understanding  with  each  other,  and  to  strengthen  the  relations  of 
amity  and  concord  between  them  ?  I  am  happy  to  say  that  its  importance 
is  fully  recognized  by  both  governments.  Our  own  Secretary  of  State, 
who,  from  the  beginning,  has  been  an  enlightened  and  steadfast  friend 
of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph,  in  an  official  dispatch  to  our  minister  at  Lon- 
don, uses  the  following  language  in  regard  to  it : 


■  1 
'I 


"  You  may  say  to  Earl  Russell  that  the  President  entertains  the  most  favorable 
views  of  the  great  enterprise  in  question,  and  would  be  happy  to  co-operate  with  the 
British  Government  in  securing  its  successful  execution,  and  such  arrangements  as 
would  guarantee  to  both  nations  reciprocal  benefits  from  the  use  of  the  Telegrdph,  not 
only  in  times  of  peace,  but  even  in  times  of  war — if,  contrary  to  our  desire  and  expec- 
tation, and  to  the  great  detriment  of  both  nations,  war  should  ever  arise  betweea 
them." 


1  i  I 


'  I 


The  English  Government  has  the  proposal  now  under  consideration ; 
its  final  decision  is  not  yet  known.  We  can  only  say,  from  interviews 
with  different  members  of  the  Cabinet  and  of  Parliament,  that  their  dis- 
position is  most  friendly  towards  the  establishment  of  telegraphic  com- 
munication with  America. 

It  would  be  unjust  to  overlook  the  noble  zeal  of  individuals  in  this 
wo'-k,  who  have  persevered  against  all  obstacles.  Of  these,  I  may  men- 
tion the  Directors  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company,  and  especially 
the  Vice-Chairman,  Mr.  C.  M.  Lampson,  an  American  capitalist  in  Lon- 
don, whom  we  are  all  proud  of  as  our  countryman  ;  and  Mr.  Saward,. 
the  indefatigable  Secretary.  These  gentlemen,  in  spite  of  yeai's  of  delay 
and  suspended  action,  have  persevered  in  the  determination  that  the  enter- 
prise should  be  again  renewed.  Such  resolution  deserves,  as  it  will 
secure,  final  and  complete  success. 

In  this  city  are  several  men  who  have  shown  the  same  devotion  to 
this  international  enterprise.  It  is  only  necessary  to  mention  the  names 
of  Messrs.  Peter  Cooper,  Moses  Taylor,  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  Wilson 


13 


ind  pros- 

9 

nterprise 

B 

even  the 

* 

uccess,  is 

"1 

ans  to  in- 

f  individ- 

m 

ed  more 

9 

jse  of  the 

B 

them  to- 

m 

eep  them 

M 

lations  of 

Wt 

iportance 

'm 

of  State, 

H 

ist  friend 

4 

r  at  Lon- 

1 

favorable 

i 

te  with  the 

'^ 

jements  as 

.^ 

igraph,  not 

■^ 

and  expec- 

^ 

ie  between 

V 

ieration ; 

'; 

iter  views 

.' 

their  dis- 

.'t. 

hic  com- 

\ 

s  in  this 

1 

lay  men- 

1 

specially 

\ 

t  in  Lon- 

) 

Saward,. 

' 

of  delay 

] 

he  enter- 

'S 

s  it  will 

1 

otion  to 

m 

le  names 

9 

,  Wilson 

fl 

XJ.  Hunt,  Directors,  and  the  other  officers  of  the  New  Yorlt,  Newfound- 
land and  London  Telegraph  Company.  With  them  is  connected  the 
name  of  the  Patriarch  of  American  Telegraphy,  Professor  Morse,  whose 
system  is  known  and  used  throughout  the  civilized  world.  He  is  still 
among  us,  and  I  trust  may  not  pass  away  until  he  sees  a  line  ot  telegraph, 
not  only  connecting  Europe  and  America,  but  stretching  around  the 
whole  habitable  globe. 

Should  the  enterprise  meet  with  the  encouragement  which  it  asks 
from  the  English  and  American  Governments,  the  capital  could  easily 
be  raised,  twelve  months  would  be  ample  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
•cable,  and  it  could  be  laid  across  the  Atlantic  in  the  summer  of  next 
year. 


At  the  close  of  the  reading,  Archibald  Russell,  Esq.,  said  he  wished 
to  inquire  what  security  the  United  States  could  have,  in  the  event  of  a 
war  with  England,  that  the  neutrality  of  the  Atlantic  telegraph  would 
be  respected  1  Mr.  Field  replied  by  reading  from  a  letter  which  had 
been  addressed  to  Earl  Russell,  containing  stipulations  into  which  it  was 
proposed  the  two  countries  should  enter  before  the  work  was  begun : 
"  The  two  Governments  to  guarantee  that,  in  the  unhappy  event  of  a  war 
arising  between  England  and  the  United  States,  the  cable  shall  continue 
inviolate,  unmolested,  and  uninterrupted  by  the  forces  or  subjects  of 
either  country."  To  this  no  objection  had  been  made,  and  he  had  na 
doubt  that  all  proper  guarantees  would  be  exchanged  between  the  two 
countries. 

Hiram  Ketchum,  Esq.,  said  he  felt  less  anxiety  about  the  use  of  the 
telegraph  in  time  of  war,  for  he  believed  a  cable  between  England  and 
America  would  tend  greatly  to  prevent  war ;  that  it  would  be  itself  one 
•of  the  best  securities  of  peace. 

Other  members  appearing  to  think  that  we  should  be  in  the  power  of 
England,  Mr.  Field  added : 

The  relative  geographical  position  of  the  two  countries  cannot  be 
changed.  It  so  happens  that  the  two  points  on  the  opposite  sides 
of  the  Atlantic  nearest  to  each  other,  and  which  are  therefore  the 
natural  termini  of  an  ocean  telegraph,  are  both  in  British  territory. 
Of  course,  the  Government  which  holds  both  ends  can  control  the  use 
of  the  telegraph,  or  stop  it  altogether.  It  has  the  power.  The  only  check 
upon  the  abuse  of  that  power  must  be  hy  a  treaty,  made  beforehand,  and 


u 


III 


which  shall  render  the  line,  even  in  war,  sacred  and  inviolate.  Shall  we 
refuse  aid  in  constructing  the  line,  or  to  enter  into  such  a  treaty,  for  fear 
lest  England,  in  the  exasperation  of  a  war,  would  disregard  it  ?  Then 
we  throw  away  our  only  security.  For  suppose  a  war  to  break  out  to- 
morrow, the  first  step  of  England  would  be,  as  we  have  seen  it  was  in 
the  Trent  affair,  to  lay  a  cable  herself  for  her  own  sole  and  exclusive 
benefit.  Then  she  would  have  not  only  the  power,  but  the  power  unre- 
strained by  any  treaty  obligations  whatever  binding  her  to  respect  the 
neutrality  of  the  telegraph. 

We  shall  then  find  this  great  means  of  communication  between  the 
two  Hemispheres,  which  we  might  have  made,  if  not  an  ally,  at  least  a 
neutral,  turned  into  a  powerful  weapon  against  us.  Now  I  ask  any  can- 
did man,  if,  consulting  even  for  our  own  interests,  it  is  not  better  that 
such  a  line  of  communication  between  England  and  America  should  be 
constra^ted  by  the  joint  efforts  of  both  countries,  and  be  guarded  by 
treaty  stipulations,  so  that  it  shall  be  placed,  as  far  as  possible,  under 
the  protection  of  the  faith  of  nations,  and  of  the  honor  of  the  civilized 
world  1 

I  would  say  further,  that  in  all  our  negotiations  with  the  British  Gov- 
ernment, they  have  never  shown  the  slightest  wish  to  take  advantage  of 
the  position  of  England  to  exact  special  rights  and  privileges,  or  a  desire 
to  appropriate  any  advantages  which  they  were  not  willing  to  concede 
equally  to  the  United  States. 


m 


After  some  remarks  by  the  Hon.  George  Folsom,  Peter  Cooper, 
Esq.,  and  others,  it  was  unanimously 

liesolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  presented  to  Mr.  Field  for  the  inter- 
esting statements  with  which  he  has  favored  the  Society  this  evening,  and  that  he  be 
requested  to  furnisL  a  copy  thereof  for  the  archives  of  the  Society. 

Eeaolved,  That  this  Society  are  highly  encouraged  by  the  evidence  presented  by 
Mr.  Field  of  the  entire  practicability  of  the  telegraph  enterprise  across  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  desire  in  this  manner  to  express  their  confidence  therein. 


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